Relationship between intestinal microbiota and colorectal cancer

Author contributions: Cipe G and Idiz UO contributed equally to this work; Cipe G, Idiz UO, Firat D and Bektasoglu H designed the research; Idiz UO and Firat D performed the research; Idiz UO, Firat D and Bektasoglu H wrote the paper. Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Abstract The human gastrointestinal tract hosts a complex and vast microbial community with up to 1011-1012 microorganisms colonizing the colon. The gut microbiota has a serious effect on homeostasis and pathogenesis through a number of mechanisms. In recent years, the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and sporadic colorectal cancer has attracted much scientific interest. Mechanisms underlying colonic carcinogenesis include the conversion of procarcinogenic diet-related factors to carcinogens and the stimulation of procarcino- genic signaling pathways in luminal epithelial cells. Understanding each of these mechanisms will facilitate future studies, leading to the development of novel strategies for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of colorectal cancer. In this review, we discuss the relationship between colorectal cancer and the intestinal microbiota. Key words: Sporadic; Colorectal; Cancer; Intestinal; Microbiota © The Author(s) 2015. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved. Cipe G, Idiz UO, Firat D, Bektasoglu H. Relationship between intestinal microbiota and colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2015; 7(10): 233-240 Available from: URL: http://www. wjgnet.com/1948-5204/full/v7/i10/233.htm DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.4251/wjgo.v7.i10.233 INTRODUCTION Colorectal cancer is the third commonest cancer type Core tip: Microbiota’s role in providing intestinal homeo- stasis is not as an audience, but it is active. Both the composition of microbiota and its metabolic activity impact the sensitivity of the host and can cause many pathologies including colorectal cancer. WJGO| www.wjgnet.com 233 October 15, 2015| Volume 7| Issue 10| Cipe G et al . Intestinal microbiota and colorectal cancer associations worldwide and causes 600000 deaths every year[1]. Because colorectal cancer patients are frequently asymptomatic in the early phase of the disease, diagnosis at this stage presents a significant clinical challenge. Detection of early stage cancers (stages 1-2) allows curative surgery with a 5-year survival rate of 80%. However, survival rates decrease to approximately 10% for metastatic and late stage tumors[2]. Although there are currently methods for the early diagnosis methods, including computed tomography, colonoscopy, and blood tests, it is expected that evaluation of the intestinal microbiota will prove to be a valuable method allowing earlier diagnosis of colorectal cancer. In humans, a relationship between cancer and microorganisms has been demonstrated in a number of organs, with the most well-known example being the relationship between Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma[3]. In adults, while the bacterial population in the stomach and small intestine is smaller (103-104 CFU/g contents), increased concentrations of microorganisms are found in the colon (1011-1012 CFU/g contents) compared with the upper gastrointestinal tract. The majority of these microorganisms exist in a favorable symbiotic relationship with humans[3,4]. The intestinal microbiota develops specific to individual variation and environmental conditions beginning at birth[5]. Recently, etiology of colorectal cancer has been shown to be related to genetic mutations, diet, infla- mmatory processes, lifestyle, and the gut micro- biota, with up to 95% of colorectal cancer thought to sporadically develop in individuals with no genetic predisposition[6]. The colonic microbiota is thought to contribute to the development of colorectal cancer by controlling the epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation, synthesizing essential nutrients and bioactive products, preventing the reproduction of pathogenic organisms, and stimulating the immune system[7]. In this review, studies investigating the role of the intestinal microbiota in the development of colorectal cancer development are discussed.

Share This Post

Email
WhatsApp
Facebook
Twitter
LinkedIn
Pinterest
Reddit

Order a Similar Paper and get 15% Discount on your First Order

Related Questions

The concept of the Fruit of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine

 The concept of the Fruit of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine stems directly from the Exclusionary Rule. It is a method of explaining the concept of the Exclusionary Rule. It compares the Exclusionary Rule to a Tree that is poisonous and all of the fruit from that tree is also poison.

Professional Assignment 2 – CLO 2, CLO 4, CLO 6

Professional Assignment 2 – CLO 2, CLO 4, CLO 6 Write and develop an APA formatted paper (3-5 pages in length) that includes: Introduction to the topic A description of a situation resulting from a non-existent or poorly implemented process in your work environment (past or present).  An explanation of

Department of Defense Versus Department of Homeland Security: Which is

Write 400 words that respond to the following questions with your thoughts, ideas, and comments. This will be the foundation for future discussions with your classmates. Be substantive and clear, and use examples to reinforce your ideas. The Department of Defense (DoD) and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) each

The use of antibacterial products in hospitals and medical facilities

The use of antibacterial products in hospitals and medical facilities is a necessary and common practice in order to prevent the transmission of disease-causing microorganisms. We have seen an increase in the use of these products, such as antibacterial hand soaps, hand sanitizers, antimicrobial wipes and cleaning sprays, and even dishwashing

Your department has been involved in several high-profile use of

Your department has been involved in several high-profile use of force incidents that have resulted in community unrest. You have been tasked with improving your department’s use of force policy. Preparation The Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) has researched and recommended 30 Guiding Principles for use of force policies. From

There are three articles attached, i need to write for

There are three articles attached, i need to write for used it in part literature reviews make sure when you start summary u follow the research methods for literature reviews   need around 5 pages total  seprate each article from other when summary  dead-time : two days , 48 hours

Federal Acquisition Review (FAR) Part 15 – Contracting by Negotiation

Federal Acquisition Review (FAR) Part 15 – Contracting by Negotiation states, “Exchanges of information among all interested parties, from the earliest identification of a requirement through receipt of proposals, are encouraged (1).” When planning a competitive solicitation, the agency must provide needed information in order to develop a thorough request

Fracking requires guar which is made from a bean. Guar

Fracking requires guar which is made from a bean. Guar is mainly grown in India and used in countless products, such as ice cream, fertilizer, cattle feed, and hair conditioner. Guar is a ubiquitous item that shows up everywhere. The fracking industry caused an unexpected shortage. Because there was such

Post a question about the assigned readings from the previous

Post a question about the assigned readings from the previous “Reading” week . The first post of the Participation week must be a question about the readings, Questions must show familiarity with the assigned readings and must be specific, not open-ended.  Questions should also suggest a possible analysis of the

Business Plan Requirements: Your plan must include: Supply chain issue/problem

  Business Plan Requirements: Your plan must include: Supply chain issue/problem statement. What product you will IMPORT AND DISTRIBUTE. How you will IMPORT the product (include business structure). Explanation of why your plan is feasible. The expected outcomes of your approach. Cite your research that backs up your plan.  Use APA

Craft your analysis/writing sample, including Part 1 (The Connection Between

 Craft your analysis/writing sample, including Part 1 (The Connection Between Academic and Professional Integrity) and Part 2 (Strategies for Maintaining Integrity of Work).   Part 1: Writing Sample: The Connection Between Academic and Professional Integrity In the space below write a 2- 3-paragraph analysis that includes the following: Explanation for

Specifically, the following critical elements must be addressed: II. Jack’s

Specifically, the following critical elements must be addressed: II. Jack’s Case a) Were Jack’s due process and constitutional rights violated during the investigation process? Explain your arguments. b) Were Jack’s due process and constitutional rights violated during the hearing process? Explain your arguments. c) If you were the defense attorney,

Snyder v. Phelps, 462 US 443 (2011) involved members of

Snyder v. Phelps, 462 US 443 (2011) involved members of the Westboro Baptist Church picketing at the funeral of Marine Lance Corporal Matthew Snyder. Please read the decision by clicking on the case name and give a summary of the facts of the case, the issue, the Court’s decision and

1. Write a clear and succinct reaction paper of the

1. Write a clear and succinct reaction paper of the movie Ten Billion. 2. Make sure that the majority of your writing focuses on what you particularly learned from the movie. 3. Please note that reaction paper must not exceed two double-spaced pages (Arial or Times New Roman–12 font). To

FILM FOR REACTION PAPER “Mind of a Rampage Killer” How

FILM FOR REACTION PAPER “Mind of a Rampage Killer”   How does this film connect or relate to the topics we have covered/discussed in class and/or in the required resources? Does it confirm any specific information that we covered or that you read? Does it contradict any specific information that we