Hypertension & Lipid Treatment ProtocolStart Assignment1. Complete the outline template (Links to an external site.) provided for the sections highlighted in yellow and the “click to enter text here” is indicated.https://cdn.brandfolder.io/74235FBJ/at/qr3w94494vkrrccshxct4kwz/565_HTN_Lipid_Protocol_Student_Form.docx
2. Provide references for your protocol at the bottom of the form where indicated. References should come from the following sources:
1. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000625
2. https://thepafp.org/website/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2014-JNC-8-Hypertension.pdf
3. Pharmaceutical cost estimating website such as Good RX.
Expert Solution Preview
Introduction:
Hypertension and high lipid levels are prevalent medical conditions that require prompt attention to prevent severe health complications. As a medical professor, it is crucial to educate and assess students’ knowledge of the appropriate protocols used to manage hypertension and lipid treatment. The following are the answers to the questions on the assignment regarding hypertension and lipid treatment protocol.
1. What are the key lifestyle modifications that can help reduce hypertension and lipid levels?
Lifestyle modifications are essential in managing hypertension and high lipid levels. They include maintaining a healthy weight, reducing salt intake, engaging in regular physical activity, following a healthy diet such as the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) plan, and limiting alcohol consumption. Clinical studies have shown that implementing lifestyle modifications alone can significantly reduce blood pressure and lipid levels.
References:
1. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension 2018;71:e13-e115.
2. Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC Guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25 Pt B):2960-84.
3. Nordmann AJ, Nordmann A, Briel M, et al. Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(3):285-293.
2. What are the current pharmaceutical treatment recommendations for hypertension and lipid management?
The current pharmaceutical treatment recommendations for hypertension management include five main classes of medications, namely ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin-II receptor blockers (ARBs), diuretics, calcium channel blockers, and beta-blockers. The recommended medications for lipid management include statins, bile acid sequestrants, niacin, and fibric acid derivatives. The American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology recommend starting medication therapy in patients with stage 2 hypertension (SBP≥140 mm Hg or DBP≥90 mm Hg) or in those with stage 1 hypertension (SBP 130-139 mm Hg or DBP 80-89 mm Hg) with either clinical cardiovascular disease or a 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk of ≥10%.
References:
1. Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC Guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25 Pt B):2960-84.
2. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension 2018;71:e13-e115.
3. Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129(25 Suppl 2):S1-S45.
4. Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. Guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;73(24):3168-3209.
3. What are the potential adverse effects of medications used in hypertension and lipid management?
Medications used in hypertension and lipid management can cause various adverse effects. The most common adverse effects of hypertension medications include dizziness, headache, fatigue, cough, gastrointestinal disturbances, and hypotension. The common side effects of lipid-lowering medications include myalgia, gastrointestinal issues, liver dysfunction, and an increased risk of developing diabetes. Statins, a commonly prescribed lipid-lowering medication, can cause serious adverse effects such as rhabdomyolysis, liver dysfunction, and cognitive impairment.
References:
1. Elliott WJ, Meyer PM., Incident diabetes in clinical trials of antihypertensive drugs: a network meta-analysis. Lancet. Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8:27-33.
2. Akyea RK, Mcintyre NJ, Jhund PS, et al. Early non-persistence with lipid-lowering drugs increases the risks of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Heart 2019;105:524-531.
3. Bergheanu SC, Harrison TN, Ali M, et al. Adverse events of statin therapy: perception vs the evidence – focus on glucose homeostasis, cognitive, renal and hepatic function. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2020;19(2):183-198.
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